Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition

Introduction

Water plays a vital role in life of all living organisms as 90% of living body is constituted of water. Water is universal solvent and mostly the chemicals reactions occurring in body uses water as medium. Ample intake of water by living organism enables it to excrete the waste products of body in the form of defecation, urination, perspiration etc. Water that is advisable and drinkable is clear, clean has no bad odor, palatable to animal when offered free from any type of toxin and contains less mineral content. Signs of poor quality are it contains high levels of soluble salt, algae. Is contaminated with bacteria, turbid in consistency due to presence of clay. The agents causing pollution in water includes, chemical wastes, dead animals remains, droppings of birds and other debris causes problem [1]. TDS is the In-Organic matter present in water [2] having TDS greater than 5000 milligram/ iter (mg/l) are not recommended for pregnant and lactation cows. Water with TDS higher than 7000 mg/l is unsuitable for cows. TDS or salinity, refers to the mineral quantities in water. TDS includes common salts such as sodiumchloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphates and bicarbonates. [3] Nitrates/Nitrites are found in reservoir of water stored on ground that has been contaminated by manure or fertilizer. In dugout reservoirs increase concentrations are rarely found, however in running water their presence is not avoidable due to chemical fertilizers. High Nitrogen concentration in drinking water in form of NO3 cause methemoglobinemia, whereas other forms of Nirogen like Nitrite and NO2 are considered potentially of carcinogenic [4]. The acceptable pH range for livestock is 6.0-8.5 [5]. Water with acidic pH value i.e less than 5.5 may cause decrease in ruminal pH level resulting in acidosis in cattle leading to reduced feed intake and performance. Objectives The objectives of this study was to Test the quality of drinking water for animals at LR&D StationPharpur and in Surrounding areas. Also The present study is designed to create facility of Water quality testing at LR&D Station Pharpur Animal Nutrition Lab. Material Method Paharpur Tehsil located in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 18 union councils with headquarters at Paharpur

Water plays a vital role in life of all living organisms as 90% of living body is constituted of water. Water is universal solvent and mostly the chemicals reactions occurring in body uses water as medium. Ample intake of water by living organism enables it to excrete the waste products of body in the form of defecation, urination, perspiration etc. Water that is advisable and drinkable is clear, clean has no bad odor, palatable to animal when offered free from any type of toxin and contains less mineral content. Signs of poor quality are it contains high levels of soluble salt, algae. Is contaminated with bacteria, turbid in consistency due to presence of clay. The agents causing pollution in water includes, chemical wastes, dead animals remains, droppings of birds and other debris causes problem [1]. TDS is the In-Organic matter present in water [2] having TDS greater than 5000 milligram/ iter (mg/l) are not recommended for pregnant and lactation cows. Water with TDS higher than 7000 mg/l is unsuitable for cows. TDS or salinity, refers to the mineral quantities in water. TDS includes common salts such as sodiumchloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphates and bicarbonates. [3] Nitrates/Nitrites are found in reservoir of water stored on ground that has been contaminated by manure or fertilizer. In dugout reservoirs increase concentrations are rarely found, however in running water their presence is not avoidable due to chemical fertilizers. High Nitrogen concentration in drinking water in form of NO3 cause methemoglobinemia, whereas other forms of Nirogen like Nitrite and NO2 are considered potentially of carcinogenic [4]. The acceptable pH range for livestock is 6.0-8.5 [5]. Water with acidic pH value i.e less than 5.5 may cause decrease in ruminal pH level resulting in acidosis in cattle leading to reduced feed intake and performance. Objectives The objectives of this study was to Test the quality of drinking water for animals at LR&D StationPharpur and in Surrounding areas. Also The present study is designed to create facility of Water quality testing at LR&D Station Pharpur Animal Nutrition Lab. Material Method Paharpur Tehsil located in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 18 union councils with headquarters at Paharpur

Results and Discussion

Ph The present study was carried out at LR&D Station Nutrition laboratory D.I.Khan. Total of 250 samples of water were collected from different reservoirs and were analyzed the finding of study reveals that the mean values ± SD of pH of water for 10 groups each group with 25 samples of the area of Tehsil Paharpur are ( 7.12 ±0.59, 6.69 ±0.703, 6.82 ±0.62, 6.97 ±0.58, 6.9 ±0.611, 6.94 ±0.533, 7.23 ±0.54. 7.22 ±0.51 7.13, ±0.67, 6.71 ±1.53) Table 01. The lowest pH value observed in 250 samples was 6 while the highest pH value observed was 8.5. These values are in permissible range according to the prescribed standard Water pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.5 was considered acceptable for most

Ph The present study was carried out at LR&D Station Nutrition laboratory D.I.Khan. Total of 250 samples of water were collected from different reservoirs and were analyzed the finding of study reveals that the mean values ± SD of pH of water for 10 groups each group with 25 samples of the area of Tehsil Paharpur are ( 7.12 ±0.59, 6.69 ±0.703, 6.82 ±0.62, 6.97 ±0.58, 6.9 ±0.611, 6.94 ±0.533, 7.23 ±0.54. 7.22 ±0.51 7.13, ±0.67, 6.71 ±1.53) Table 01. The lowest pH value observed in 250 samples was 6 while the highest pH value observed was 8.5. These values are in permissible range according to the prescribed standard Water pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.5 was considered acceptable for most that water hardness in the range of 116 ppm to 190 ppm has no influence on the performance of animals.

Conclusion

It is concluded from the above study that the water available for drinking at the Paharpur station and surrounding areas is safe to be utilized for of livestock purposes and will have no negative impact on general health and over all body performance of the animal.

References

1. Sharma S, Bhattacharya A. Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Applied Water Science, 7, 1043-1067.
2. Patience JF, McLeeseJ , Tremblay ML. Water quality-implications for pork production. Proceedings of the 10th Western Nutrition Conference. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 1994.
3. Breede DK. Evaluation of water quality and nutrition for dairy cattle. InHigh Plains Dairy conference 2006.
4. Hubbard RK, Newton GL, Hill GM. Water quality and the grazing animal. Journal of animal science. 2004 Jan 1;82;63.
5. Curran G. Water for livestock: interpreting water quality tests. NSW Government. Primefact 533.
6. International Organization of Standardization, (ISO), 1993.
7. Hersom M, Crawford S. Water Nutrition and Quality Considerations for Cattle. EDIS. 2008 ,29;2008.
8. Wakchaure R, Ganguly S, Praveen PK. Role of water in livestock. The Rec. Adv. Acad. Sci. J. 2015;1:56-60.
9. Looper M. Quantity and Quality of Water for Dairy Cattle. Engormix. com 2012.
10. Schütz K. Effects of providing clean water on the health and  productivity of cattle. Report for NRC. 2012;400:346.
11. Lardy G, Stoltenow CL, Johnson R, Boyles S, Fisher G, Wohlgemuth K, Lundstrom D. Livestock and water.
12. Umar S, Munir MT, Azeem T, Ali S, Umar W, Rehman A, et al. Effects of water quality on productivity and performance of livestock: A mini review. Veterinaria. 2014;2:11-5.
13. Wright CL. Management of water quality for beef cattle. VeterinaryClinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2007 Mar 1;23:91 103.
14. Hubbard RK, Newton GL, Hill GM. Water quality and the grazing animal. Journal of animal science. 2004 Jan 1;82:255-63.
15. Graf GC, Holdaway CW. A comparison of “hard” and commercially softened water in the ration of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1952 Dec 1;35:998-1000.
16. Jenkins D, Medsker LL. Brucine Method for the Determination of Nitrate in Ocean, Estuarine, and Fresh Waters. Analytical Chemistry. 1964 Mar 1;36:610-2